Jordan, Gwyneth

Gwyneth Jordan obtained their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Water Resource Engineering from the University of Guelph in 2019 and completed her...

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About Jordan, Gwyneth

Gwyneth Jordan obtained their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Water Resource Engineering from the University of Guelph in 2019 and completed her Master of Applied Science Degree in Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry in 2022 from the University of Toronto. Gwyneth then joined Veolia Water Technologies and Solutions in January of 2023, where she is a part of the industrial wastewater process engineering team, specializing in High Temperature Fluidized Bed (HTFB) process design.

Jordan, Gwyneth

Titles from this speaker

Description: Evaluating the Sustainability Impacts of Replacing Multiple Hearth Furnaces with...

Evaluating the Sustainability Impacts of Replacing Multiple Hearth Furnaces with High Temperature Fluidized Bed Incinerators and PFAS Regulation Implications on Process Design

Abstract

Introduction In general, the two options for biosolids incineration are multiple hearth furnaces and FBI units. In the 1970s, tighter emission regulations were introduced, which encouraged the replacement of multiple hearth furnaces with fluidized bed incinerators. Veolia Water Technologies & Solutions (Veolia) is an established industry leader in high temperature fluidized bed (HTFB) incineration, also known as fluidized bed incineration (FBI). Over the years, Veolia has replaced several multiple hearth furnaces (MHF) with specialized FBI units. These include: Ypsilanti (1 MHF replaced with 1 FBI), TZ Osborne Greensboro (1 MHF replaced with 1 FBI), Green Bay (2 MHF replaced with 1 FBI), Mill Creek (6 MHF replaced with 3 FBI), Southerly (4 MHF replaced with 3 FBI), and Sutton (3 MHF replaced with 3 FBI). Emerging PFAS air and solids regulations have impacted the process design of FBI systems. This presentation will review: - Drivers of multiple hearth replacement by fluidized bed incinerators - The greenhouse gas emissions quantification of a current fluidized bed incinerator and associated air pollution control compared to that of a multiple hearth furnace - Impacts of PFAS regulations on process design of FBI systems Why are Multiple Hearth Furnaces Being Replaced by Fluidized Bed Incinerators? Multiple hearth furnaces (MHF) are circular steel units with multiple hearths (shelves) where biosolids are fed. The solids are raked towards the center of the hearth where the combustion air rises. Biosolids burn in the MHF at a range of 572-1796oF (Vallero, 2008). Biosolids fall through holes in the hearths where they drop to the hearth below, until they reach the bottom of the furnace (as ash), where it is removed (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). Veolia provides a teardrop shaped fluidized bed incinerator, where biosolids are fed directly into or above a fluidized sand bed. The bed is fluidized via preheated air that is injected into a windbox, which then forces the air through tuyeres that are embedded in a refractory arch dome. The tuyeres evenly distributes the combustion air through the sand bed to ensure homogenous temperature throughout the bed. Veolia FBI reactors are operated with a freeboard temperature of ~1550oF. The emissions regulation that prompted the replacement of MHF with FBIs was the Clean Air Act of 1970. Two distinct advantages that FBIs have over MHF are that there is significantly less excess air required (40% versus 75-100%, respectively) and the ability to operate autogenously (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2003) (Winchell, et al., 2021). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts on Replacements of MHF with FBIs Veolia has developed a methodology to quantify greenhouse gas emissions, utilizing ISO 14064-2 as a guide and applied it on multiple projects, including that of fluidized bed incinerators. Initially, a base case and a project case are determined. For the purposes of this presentation, the base case is a multiple hearth furnace application, and the project case is a fluidized bed incinerator application. Water, electricity, natural gas/fuel, and chemical consumption are all taken into consideration. Using emissions factors to convert these values into tonnes of CO2 equivalents per year, we can quantify the GHG impacts of a MHF replacement with an FBI. This quantification is ongoing, but results will be presented if this abstract is selected. The results of these quantifications can be used to justify selecting one unit process over another, such as choosing a granular activated carbon unit over a sorbent polymer composite unit. PFAS Regulation Impact on FBI Process Design Similar to regulations influencing multiple hearth replacements in the 1970s, emerging PFAS regulations will also influence what unit processes will be used in incinerator systems. Currently, there is limited published data on the PFAS treatment ability of a high temperature fluidized bed incinerator. There are air pollution control unit processes however, used in FBI systems that have proven effectiveness on the treatment of PFAS compounds. In the United States, if the incineration system is new, it must be designed to meet MACT LLLL requirements, which includes the removal of mercury, dioxins, furans, cadmium, lead, NOx, SO2, HCl, and particulate matter (Figure 1). The main addition in a MACT LLLL system is a granular activated carbon (GAC) unit. In drinking water applications, the use of a GAC unit for PFAS treatment is common (Winchell, et al., 2021). Using a GAC unit, PFAS treatment efficiencies can exceed 99% in water streams (Barr Engineering Co., Hazen and Sawyer, 2023). It is important to note that the efficiency of PFAS treatment using a GAC unit is dependent on the chain length and the presence of competitors (total organic carbon, volatile organic compounds) (Barr Engineering Co., Hazen and Sawyer, 2023). There is proven ability to treat PFAS in water streams using GAC units, but limited data available for the treatment in gas streams. However, there is much data on the removal of acid gases (PFAS thermally converts to hydrogen fluoride (HF)) using wet scrubbers, which are used on almost all our incinerator trains (Wang, et al., 2022). If the incinerator system is existing and a furnace replacement or retrofit is being performed, the system must be designed to meet MACT MMMM requirements (Figure 2). In this system, instead of a GAC unit, a sorbent polymer composite system (SPC) is used for mercury removal. However, the PFAS treatment ability of SPC units has not yet been studied (Barr Engineering Co., Hazen and Sawyer, 2023). Summary Multiple hearth furnaces have been replacing by fluidized bed incinerators since the early 1970s, however, the greenhouse gas emissions impacts have not been measured. Using Veolia methodology, we can quantify the impacts of these replacements, while also identifying areas where emissions could potentially be reduced (for example, selecting certain air pollution control unit processes over another). Depending on if the fluidized bed incinerator is replacing a MHF or is part of a brand new plant, the air pollution control equipment may be different. This may also impact the PFAS treatment ability of the system, as GAC units have been proven to treat PFAS, whereas SPC units have yet to be studied. It is imperative that studies be conducted to analyze not only flue gas PFAS concentration (before and after air pollution control units), but to treat PFAS-laden ash slurry as well.

This paper was presented at the WEF Residuals and Biosolids Conference, June 18-21, 2024.

SpeakerJordan, Gwyneth

Presentation time

09:30:00

10:00:00

Session time

08:30:00

11:45:00

SessionGreenhouse Gas Emissions at Wastewater Treatment Plants

Session number11

Session locationOklahoma City Convention Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

TopicGreenhouse Gases, incineration, PFAS

Author(s)

Jordan, Gwyneth

Author(s)G. Jordan1, M. Theodoulou1

Author affiliation(s)Veolia Water Technologies & Solutions 1; Veolia Water Technologies & Solutions 1;

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Jun 2024

DOI10.2175/193864718825159444

Volume / Issue

Content sourceResiduals and Biosolids Conference

Word count23

Description: Thermal Treatment of PFAS with Gasification, Pyrolysis, Incineration, and...

Thermal Treatment of PFAS with Gasification, Pyrolysis, Incineration, and Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) - What is the Current Status?

Abstract

PFAS has become a major concern in wastewater treatment. Thermal processes offer an opportunity to treat PFAS using different technologies such as gasification, pyrolysis, incineration, thermal oxidation, and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). There have been several promising pilot and bench scale studies resulting in high removal efficiencies of PFAS from biosolids. This technical paper presents and compares the results of the most recent studies on PFAS treatment using thermal technologies. Pyrolysis, gasification, and incineration technologies have been compared in a technical paper by Winchell (2023). Based on the results, pyrolysis and gasification were shown to be promising alternate technologies to incineration in terms of lower capital cost at lower feed rates, relaxed emission limits compared to incineration requiring less equipment for the air pollution control system, and the potential use of char, which is a by-product of pyrolysis and gasification process. A study by Williams (2023) confirmed that pyrolysis had the potential to reduce or eliminate the measurable concentration of PFAS in biochar. PFAS emissions testing was also performed at the stack outlet of the wastewater solids gasification and thermal oxidation demonstration scale installation in Loganholme, Australia (Loganholme City Council, 2021). Gasification systems operate similar to pyrolysis units except some oxygen gets introduced to the thermal reactor to further refine the off-gas and biochar products. The thermal oxidizer operated at a two seconds residence time at 800-850°C. In this case, the total mass of 28 PFAS in the outlet measured 47 ng/Nm3 over a 100-hour sample event. This emission level translated to an over 94% PFAS treatment efficiency across the thermal process train. Another study by 374Water (Sudhakar, 2023) indicated that SCWO technology could achieve more than 99.99% PFSA removal efficiency using proprietary AirSCWOTM process to treat PFAS from lime stabilized PFAS laden sludge. A lab scale study by Veolia (Mocock, 2023) confirmed that almost complete destruction of PFAS was possible using thermal oxidation at a combustion temperature of 1150°C at two different gas residence times (two and four seconds). Higher gas residence time (four seconds) at the same combustion temperature (1150°C) resulted in lower PFOA and PFOS air emissions during the lab scale tests. Bench and pilot scale studies by Laub (2023) indicated that pyrolyzed biosolids did not have any measurable levels of PFAS. Results of these studies have been presented at conferences such as WEF/IWA Residuals and Biosolids and WEFTEC in 2023. In this technical paper, PFAS test results from the most recent pilot and bench scale studies are being presented and compared to each other to determine the current status of PFAS treatment efficiencies for gasification, pyrolysis, thermal oxidation, and SCWO.

This paper was presented at the WEF Residuals and Biosolids Conference, June 18-21, 2024.

Presentation time

10:45:00

11:45:00

Session time

10:45:00

11:45:00

SessionDryer

Session number15

Session locationOklahoma City Convention Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

TopicGasification, incineration, PFAS

Author(s)

Jordan, Gwyneth

Author(s)G. Jordan1, L. Takmaz1, L. Winchell2

Author affiliation(s)Veolia Water Technologies & Solutions 1; Veolia 1; Brown and Caldwell 2;

SourceProceedings of the Water Environment Federation

Document typeConference Paper

PublisherWater Environment Federation

Print publication date Jun 2024

DOI10.2175/193864718825159477

Volume / Issue

Content sourceResiduals and Biosolids Conference

Word count20

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Jordan, Gwyneth

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